Alpine timothy, Phleum alpinum

Alpine timothy (Phleum alpinum)

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(Swedish: fjälltimotej; Norwegian: Fjelltimotei; Finnish: Pohjantähkiö; Danish: Fjeld-Rottehale; IcelandicFjallaskollapuntur) Text by Anna Palmé, photos by Magnus Göransson. 

To appreciate the beauty of alpine timothy you need to get close to the ground, but it will be worth itIt is a 10 -30 cm tall grass and generally has attractive short, plump, dark violet-brown inflorescences and violet tinted leaves in sparse tufts. 

It has a bipolar geographic distribution and is found in arctic and mountain areas both in the southern and northern hemisphere. In the Nordic region it has wide distribution in Iceland, Norway as well as northern Sweden and Finlandwhere it can be found in habitats such as mountain meadows, birch forests, riverbanks, and roadsidesIt is most common at higher elevations. Look for this unassuming plant next time you hike in the Nordic mountains!  

Close relative

Alpine timothy, Phleum alpinum, in Skaftafell Iceland, June 2021. Photo Magnus Göransson.
Alpine timothy, Phleum alpinum, in Skaftafell Iceland, June 2021. Photo by Magnus Göransson.

Alpine timothy is a close relative to timothy, Phleum pratensewhich is a widely cultivated forage grass in the Nordic region. The latter is larger than alpine timothy, has a longer inflorescence and is not so well adapted to mountain environmentsIt has been suggested that Phleum alpinum is one of the parent species of Phleum pratense and genetic studies confirm that they are very closely related. To my knowledge, alpine timothy has not been used in plant breeding to produce new improved varieties of timothy, but the close relationship between the two species suggests that there is a clear potential for this.  

Other Phleum species

In the Nordic flora you can also find two other Phleum species: Sand cat’s tail Phleum arenariumand Purple-stem Cat’s-tail, Phleum phleoides. They both have smaller and more southern geographic distributions than alpine timothy. Sand cat’s tail can be found on sandy soils along the coasts of Denmark, southern Sweden, and Norway. Purple-stem Cat’s-tail’s preferred habitats include slopes and heaths with dry calcareous soil in Denmark, Finland, Norway Sweden. 

References

Den virtuella floran. Arne and Anna-Lena Anderberg. http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/welcome.html  

Den nya nordiska floran. Bo Mossberg and Lennart Stenberg. 2003 Wahlström & Widstrand.  

Cai Q and Bullen MR (1994). Analysis of genome-specific sequences in Phleum species: identification and use for study of genomic relationships. Theor. Appl. Genet. 88:831-837. 

Arild Larsen and Petter Marum (2006) “Breeding goals and possibilities in future timothy breeding” page 31 in Timothy productivity and forage quality – possibilities and limitations – NJF Seminar 384 10 – 12 August 2006 Akureyri, Iceland